Internal Linking

Internal links which open in a new window are treated the same as any other link.

Mobile-first indexing will use the links on your mobile pages for calculating the link graph.

Orphaned pages will be re-crawled, taking up some crawl budget, and usually remain indexed, and can still show up in search results but if there are no internal links then they will be considered unimportant, and they might eventually fall out of the index.

PageRank from links to pages which are noindexed will still be passed on to other pages via internal links.

Google has removed the Remove Sitelink option in Search Console, as they had demoted the power of it, so you cannot remove them directly in any way. But you can change your internal linking, a clean navigation in particular, to promote pages, and use a noindex to remove any pages from Google’s index completely.

The selection of a canonical URL is also based on redirects, internal and external links, and Sitemaps, but even in the case of a redirect, Google might still choose to index the redirect source instead of the target.

A banner linking directly to content from your home page will spread "value" to these pages.

In addition to the anchor text of a link, the ‘Context’ of links can be used to infer the content of the target page which seems to indicate the content on the linking page is also relevant.

John says that new links to new or existing pages are picked up and processed almost immediately.

Multiple links from one page to another are only counted once for PageRank, even if the anchor text is different. He is vague on the impact of the separate anchor text.